For close to half a century, the usual procedure to determine ocean surface information from HF-radar data has been to first form the Doppler spectrum from the received time series, and then process the result to extract important wave parameters, such as significant wave height, primary wave period, principal wave direction, or even the full directional ocean wave spectrum. In the current work, we bypass the calculation of the Doppler spectrum and still calculate the significant wave height (H _s ) from the received radar data using two related proposed methods. The first calculates H _s from the variances of the short-time Fourier transform coefficients of the first-order received field. The second uses the estimated variance of the received electrical field signal to determine H _s . Both methods require an initial external calibration stage, which can be either performed analytically from the data or by deploying a wave buoy 

Within the educational landscape, our research endeavors to unravel the multifaceted role of technology in shaping modern learning experiences. The first segment scrutinizes the integration of technology in educational settings, examining its influence on pedagogical approaches and classroom dynamics. By exploring the synergies between traditional teaching methods and technological innovations, we aim to shed light on the evolving nature of education in the digital age.

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